If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. Descriptive Representation: Factors that Contribute to the Underrepresentation of Hispanic-Americans in The U.S. House of Representatives According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Hispanic population in the United States is fifty-four million. Gender and discourse. Traveling is one of my familys favorite things to do. Mellom fag og feminisme: Kvinneforskning i statsvitenskap. Copyright 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. ), Deliberative democracy and its discontents. The innocent are no longer afraid to pursue their first amendment and to remind others that we are all created equal. Democratic authority: A philosophical framework. From state-managed capitalism to neoliberal crisis. As one Black representative to the U.S. Congress told Carol Swain, "One of the advantages, and disadvantages, of representing blacks is their shameless loyalty to their incumbents. systems than the old and traditional ones (Tawil, 2002). both quantitative and qualitative research. Como Hacer Suero De Leche Venezolano, Guinier, L. (1994). There are many time restrictions that are placed on research methods. It doesn't answer the question "why", which makes it limited and won't come up with the cause and effect of a research topic. Among them is Nancy Pelosi who became the Speaker of the House in the Eleventh Congress and James Clyburn, an African-American who served as Majority Whip. View your signed in personal account and access account management features. (2001). It is different from exploratory research in that it is typically more focused on a certain unknown or unproven aspect of the project. Unless specified, this website is not in any way affiliated with any of the institutions featured. A political-philosophical exchange. Democratic political theory. View all access and purchase options for this article. ), Representation and redistricting issues. Between facts and norms. Bigger or more populous countries, especially those that have many provinces or states and a diverse society need people to be represented adequately at all levels of governance. Making your pros and cons list objectively can help weigh each pro and con against the others. You can learn more about how we use cookies by visiting our privacy policy page. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. Women in parliaments: Descriptive and substantive representation. Google Scholar. The collection of data is quick and easy to conduct, especially when doing surveys. Pitkin, H. F. (1972). Phillips, A. African Americans made up the largest percentage, with forty-eight members, while Latinos accounted for thirty-two members, up from nineteen just over a decade before. The brevity by which descriptive investigations are carried out means that their costs are not high, compared to other types of investigations. This law-making body is generally controlled by the laws and governed by the state constitution. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Descriptive representation occurs when elected politicians are typical of the larger class of persons that they represent, such that blacks represent blacks, disabled people represent disabled people and so on. #1) Waterfall Model. Research Fellowship Program Other Program and Initiatives Part of Springer Nature. Because it relies on such a range of different methods, it is considered a holistic approach to a subject. They chant Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492 and harmoniously sing patriotic songs such as The Star Spangled Banner while being utterly oblivious of Americas corrupt political system. Is the ideal of deliberative democracy coherent? You do not currently have access to this chapter. 2. 3. This form of representation is called descriptive representation. Equality of opportunity. Struggles to expand the breadth of political and civil rights in the United States have been critical to fostering greater inclusion and equality for racial/ethnic minorities in America. Descriptive representation describes the extent to which public officials reflect the demographic composition of the constituents that they serve. Creating a list that details both sides of the argument makes it easier to visualize the potential impact of your decision. West European Politics, 36(3), 447473. This leaves lasting impacts, not only emotionally, but mentally and psychologically as well. The flexibility of purposive sampling allows researchers to . Moreover, to date, few minority legislators have been elected from districts that do not contain a high percentage of minority constituents. ), Women, politics, and change (pp. The descriptive characteristics of a representative can lull voters into thinking their substantive interests are being represented even when this is not the case. Descriptive representation is the concept that those who represent the American people should not only have the same political interest, but should also mirror the demographic makeup of the people. Reisel, L. (2014). that: The most affecting descriptive writing results from an author's providing not a linguistic blueprint of a library but the raw material (the air tinged with the scent of old pages, the shafts of dusty light through the window slats, the whispers, like trickling water, of the librarians behind the oval reference desk) from which the reader can erect her own library. Should blacks represent blacks and women represent women? The descriptive evaluation is the process of gathering, analyzing and interpreting information using different tools Experimental research offers the highest levels of control. Mutfak Gnlkleri Sibel'in Mutfa Ana Sayfa; Hakkmda; Bana Ulan; descriptive representation pros and cons. In 1971, to better represent their interests, these representatives founded the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), an organization that grew out of a Democratic select committee formed in 1969. Descriptive studies include case reports, case-series, qualitative studies and surveys (cross-sectional) studies, which measure the frequency of several factors, and hence the size of the problem. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. Emerald: Bingley. ), Redistribution or recognition? This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Michele L. Swers is associate professor of government at Georgetown University. This essay will proceed as follows. Explaining Preferences about Descriptive Representation, When politics is not just a man's game: Women's representation and political engagement, Womens Political Representation: A Review, Partisanship, Structure and Representation: The Puzzle of African American Education Politics, Falling Behind, Keeping Up, or Getting Ahead: Ethnic Candidates and the Competition for non-Western Origin Voters in the West, Levelling the playing field: Monitoring Croatian policies to promote gender equality in politics, Can Deliberative Minipublics Address the Cognitive Challenges of Democratic Citizenship, Parity/Disparity: Electoral Gender Inequality on the Tightrope of Liberal Constitutional Traditions, INTERSECTIONAL PRESENTATIONS: An Exploratory Study of Minority Congresswomen's Websites' Biographies, Ethnocultural Voting? The rise of the unelected. (pp. Descriptive representation is a representation in which representatives have similar backgrounds to the people they represent. Goodin, R. 2004. Democracy and disagreement. "Share icon", Quan Do, The Noun Project. Descriptive research has advantages and disadvantages with researchers accounting for positive and negative variables. The importance of descriptive representation in regards to minorities has been the subject of many debates in the past. Quantitativist. Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. These descriptive representations reflect the laws of nature, the system, or logical constraints for the design of the product. Democracy With Adequate Representation. In the 2012 general election, 80 percent of the candidates endorsed by EMILYs List won a seat. Cornell, D. (1995). Citizenship, Gender and Diversity. Hence, the debate about descriptive representation is clearly in need of a more contextualized assessment of its pros and cons. In the first place, learning of our neighbors gives us the inclination that we must keep an eye out for them. Economics and Philosophy, 11, 2556. Martin, J. R. (1994). The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. In the achievement of this endeavour, first, I have examined the legislative initiatives of the NP in the period January 2012 - June . It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. A theory of justice. Disadvantages of proportional representation. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Uni Research Rokkan Centre, Bergen, Norway, Centre for Womens and Gender Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Information Science and Media Studies, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Holst, C. (2016). Measures like percentiles and quartiles become very useful in this area of expertise. In each case, we find that in a given Congress, legislators are around 6-9 percentage points more likely to contact federal agencies on behalf of constituents with whom they share background char-acteristics, when compared to their nonveteran, male, or white . Register or login to receive notifications when there's a reply to your comment or update on this information. Compare the gains and losses of a proposal in the decision-making process. Estlund, D. (2008). 7. Typically, multiple representation involves the buyer and seller. October 2004. 2. 1. That structure makes it easier for extremist views to find official representation. (2005b). It might be helpful to take a longer-term perspective here: rather than focusing on the absence of particular (small) groups in society in any given legislature, focus on persistent exclusion over several legislatures. The Oxford Handbook of the American Congress, Behavioral Approaches to the Study of Congress, Formal Approaches to the Study of Congress, Touching the Bones: Interviewing and Direct Observational Studies of Congress, Historical Approaches to the Study of Congress: Toward a Congressional Vantage on American Political Development, Campaign Finance in Congressional Elections, Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests, Theories of representation and the link between descriptive and substantive representation, Descriptive representation and the constituentrepresentative link, Descriptive representation and substantive representation of group interests, Voting behavior and representation of minority interests, Beyond voting behavior: Exploring the link between descriptive and substantive representation throughout the legislative process, Descriptive representatives and vigorous advocacy for group interests, The importance of institutional and partisan dynamics, Critical mass and institutional influence on descriptive representation, Critical mass and institutional power in congress, Leadership differences in substance and style, Congressional Institutions and Procedures, Managing Plenary Time: The U.S. Congress in Comparative Context, The Ties That Bind: Coalitions in Congress, The Development of Congressional Elections, The Development of the Congressional Committee System, Sectionalism and Congressional Development, Congress and the Executive Branch: Delegation and Presidential Dominance, The Amorphous Relationship between Congress and the Courts, Reflections on the Study of Congress 19692009, ' Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests', in George C. 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