The system's nationalist traits grew and progressively blended with North Korean Juche and Chinese Maoist ideals. Few women ever sought to receive this status. He also appointed and dismissed the president of the Supreme Court and the prosecutor general whenever the legislature was not in session. [58] The hasty show trial and the images of the dead Ceauescus were videotaped and the footage released in numerous Western countries two days after the execution. After World War II, when Romania was beginning to fall under Soviet influence, Ceauescu served as secretary of the Union of Communist Youth (19441945). It had also engineered the publishing of several works that subverted the Russian and Soviet image, no longer glossing over traditional points of tension with Russia and the Soviet Union (even alluding to an "unlawful" Soviet presence in Bessarabia). Ceauescu repeatedly denied the court's authority to try him, and asserted he was still legally the President of Romania. Upon arriving in the city center, thousands of workers from the Tractorul Braov and Hidromecanica factories, pupils, students, and others joined the demonstration. On 4 April 1975, Ceauescu visited Japan and met with Emperor Hirohito. He continued to follow an independent policy in foreign relationsfor example, in 1984, Romania was one of few communist states (notably including the People's Republic of China and Yugoslavia) to take part in the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, despite a Soviet-led boycott. The country, which had little to no information of the events transpiring in Timioara from the national media, learned about the revolt from radio stations (such as Voice of America and Radio Free Europe) and by word of mouth. It was written by Tom Bailey and Greg Jameson, with songs by Allan Stelmach, and depicted Nicolae and Elena Ceauescu and their son Valentin in a piece of meta musical theatre that was also a comment upon celebrity culture and the role social media and political correctness play in creating social pariahs.[99]. The following month, Ceauescu's government itself collapsed after a series of violent events in Timioara and Bucharest. Convertible currency exports were promoted at all costs and imports were severely compressed. [3] The demonstrations, which reached Bucharest, became known as the Romanian Revolutionthe only violent overthrow of a communist government in the course of the Revolutions of 1989. DNA tests were able to conclusively prove his identity. Consequences for breaking these rules were severe; one producer showed footage of Ceauescu blinking and stuttering, and was banned for three months.[13]. Nicolae Ceauescu - Wikipedia 3: 1984 Olympics opening", "Upheaval in the East: Romania's AIDS Babies: A Legacy of Neglect", "Nine controversial state visits to the UK", "Goodwin joins Mugabe, Mussolini and Ceausescu in gang of disgraced figures", "U.S. Shares Blame Government Ignored Romania's Abused, "Statistical Abstract of the United States", "Country Reports on Economic Policy and Trade Practices: Report Submitted to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, Committee on Ways and Means of the U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Relations, Committee on Finance of the U.S. Senate by the Department of State, in Accordance with Section 2202 of the Omnibus Trade Competitiveness Act of 1988", "Upheaval in the East; Hard-Line Czech President to Quit And Dissident Is Seen as Successor", "Ceausescu looked in my eyes and he knew that he was going to die", "In Romania, Ceausescu's death haunts Christmas", "Ceausescu execution 'avoided mob lynching', "DECRET-LEGE nr.6 din 7 ianuarie 1990 pentru abolirea pedepsei cu moartea, pentru modificarea i abrogarea unor prevederi din Codul penal i alte acte normative", "Nicolae Ceausescu exhumed 'wearing his black winter coat', "Reports: DNA Tests Confirm Ceausescu's Remains", "Exhumed body in Romania is Nicolae Ceausescu", "Palace of the damned dictator: The Ceausescu trail", "A lost chance for Balkan cooperation? Find professional Nicolae Ceausescu Death videos and stock footage available for license in film, television, advertising and corporate uses. Sign in Nicolae Ceauescu - The fall and death - History channel History channel 2.45K subscribers Subscribe 458 Save 564K views 8 years ago Notice Age-restricted video (based on Community. El era printre membrii fondatori ai partidului comunist. 2010 | Categorie de vrst: 13+ | 3 h | Filme documentare. Ceausescu la Targoviste, Domenico interviews General Andrei Kemenici, the one who held Nicolae and Elena Ceausescu in custody, at the Targoviste garrison. Stia si de Canal, si de raderea satelor si orasele, si de oamenii impuscati doar ca nu tineau cu partidul unic. It also started adding Dacian or Roman versions to the names of cities and towns (Drobeta to Turnu Severin, Napoca to Cluj). [87] Ceauescu even received praise from anti-communists with the Shah (King) of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi acclaiming Ceauescu leadership: "I would like to salute [Ceauescu's] intransigent patriotism and ferocious will for independence. [citation needed] Ceauescu's plan was to make Romania into Europe's number one oil refiner not only of its own oil, but also of oil from Middle Eastern states like Iraq and Iran, and then to sell all of the refined oil at a profit on the Rotterdam spot market. [49], Under the regime, the Romani were excluded from the list of "co-inhabiting nationalities" which was drafted by it, and as a result, they lacked any representation as an ethnic group in the government. On 21 July 2010, forensic scientists exhumed the bodies to perform DNA tests to prove conclusively that they were indeed the remains of the Ceauescus. Lupemena. This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 17:36. The juncture between a recent past and a distant one enacted by this flashback integrates both memory and history with all their ambiguous edges. The Western press[who?] Nicolae Ceauescu [nikolae teauesku] (Aussprache? Director Andrei Ujica Writer Andrei Ujica Stars Nicolae Ceausescu (archive footage) Elena Ceausescu (archive footage) Stefan Andrei (archive footage) The firing squad began shooting as soon as the two were in their positions up against the wall. Although presented in terms of "Socialist Humanism", the Theses in fact marked a return to the strict guidelines of Socialist Realism and attacks on non-compliant intellectuals. Getty Images offers exclusive rights-ready and premium royalty-free analog, HD, and 4K video of the highest quality. Has anyone got the real video of Nicolae Ceausescu's death? Nicolae Ceausescu - Biography - IMDb This is "Death of a Dictator - Nicolae Ceausescu - 1990" by Gert Elhorst on Vimeo, the home for high quality videos and the people who love them. 46% dintre romnii intervievai l-ar vota acum pe Nicolae Ceauescu la prezideniale", "Ceauescu still most beloved President of Romania", "IMDb entry for 'Die letzten Tage der Ceausescus', "Ceausescu the Musical | the culture vulture", https://www.prazskyhradarchiv.cz/file/edee/vyznamenani/cs_rbl.pdf, "Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1984", "President's Week in Review: April 7 April 13, 1975", Gheorghe E. (2015) Nicolae Ceauescu. Solutions . Soon after being freed, he was arrested again and sentenced for "conspiracy against social order", spending the time during the war in prisons and internment camps: Jilava (1940), Caransebe (1942), Vcreti (1943), and Trgu Jiu (1943). He was Secretary General of the Romanian. Ceauescu rose up through the ranks of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej's Socialist government and, upon Gheorghiu-Dej's death in 1965, he succeeded to the leadership of the Romanian Communist Party as general secretary.[2]. He travelled to Prague a week before the invasion to offer moral support to his Czechoslovak counterpart, Alexander Dubek. Create and promote branded videos, host live events and webinars, and more. [13] Additionally, producers had to take great care to make sure that Ceauescu's height (he was only 1.68 metres (5ft 6in) tall[83]) was never emphasized on screen. Cel mai bun film documentar este despre Ceauescu Januar 1918 in Scorniceti; 25. Elena and Nicolae were leaned against the wall and shot dead. His secret police, the Securitate, was responsible for mass surveillance as well as severe repression and human rights abuses within the country, and controlled the media and press. Relations were in fact not just state-to-state, but party-to-party between their respective political machineries, the MPR and the PCR. He was arrested in 1939 and sentenced for "conspiracy against social order", spending the time during the war in prisons and internment camps: Jilava (1940), Caransebe (1942), Vcreti (1943), and Trgu Jiu (1943). Execution of Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife - reddit 9,000 United States dollars) for praising Ceauescu and displaying his pictures on his private television channel (3TV Oltenia). It was on Christmas Day 30 years ago that Romania's tyrannical communist dictator Nicolae Ceausescu was executed by firing squad after a summary trial. Film documentar de propaganda menit sa marcheze cucerirea puterii de catre comunisti. If it's fake it's a damn good fake, given that 20 million people knew in detail how these two looked like, talked and acted. Romania: Death of a Dictator (TV Special 1990) - IMDb 1995 was the last year in which Romania's economy was dominated by the state. Computer & Elektronica. The Ceauescus were held by the police while the policemen listened to the radio. ProEuropeana este un proiect al Institutului Naional al Patrimoniului. Credea cu tarie. The profile file from the secret police, Sigurana Statului, named him "a dangerous Communist agitator" and "distributor of Communist and antifascist propaganda materials". His cult of personality experienced unprecedented elevation, followed by the deterioration of foreign relations, even with the Soviet Union. Ceauescu's attempts to implement policies that would lead to a significant growth of the population led to a growing number of unsafe abortions and increased the number of orphans in state institutions. The principles of democratic centralism, combined with the legislature's infrequent sessions (it sat in full session only twice a year) meant that for all intents and purposes, his decisions had the force of law. In 1978, Ion Mihai Pacepa, a senior member of the Romanian political police (Securitate, State Security), defected to the United States. Nicolae Ceausescu | Biography, Death, & Facts | Britannica MungiuPippidi, A. It was previously called The House of the People and The People's House. The last edition of the Country Study on Romania, for instance, referred to the PCR's "Stalinist repression of individual liberties". "[citation needed] He tried to silence them by raising his right hand and calling for the crowd's attention before order was temporarily restored, then proceeded to announce social benefit reforms that included raising the national minimum wage by 200 lei per month to a total of 2,200 per month by 1 January. Kemenici says he . On this day: 30 years since Nicolae Ceausescu was executed Ceauescu's political independence from the Soviet Union and his protest against the invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 drew the interest of Western powers, whose governments briefly believed that he was an anti-Soviet maverick and hoped to create a schism in the Warsaw Pact by funding him. 7:26. Ceausescus Beg For Mercy, Weep in New Execution Footage He was the general secretary of the Romanian Communist Party from 1965 to 1989, and the second and last communist leader of Romania. The 1974 XIth Party Congress tightened the Party's grip on Romanian culture, guiding it towards Ceauescu's nationalist principles. Initially, the protests were for basic needs: "We want food and heating! Nicolae and Elena Ceausescu before execution (December, 1989) EloyPaula51379843. In 1982, Ceauescu directed the government to export much of the country's agricultural and industrial production in an effort to repay these debts. May 19th, 2020 - the autobiography of nicolae ceausescu movie reviews amp metacritic score during the summary The draconian measures taken by Ceauescu involved reducing energy and food consumption, as well as lowering workers' incomes, leading to what political scientist Vladimir Tismneanu called "generalized dissatisfaction".[47]. nicolae ceausescu death film - databaseen The rest of the day saw an open revolt of Bucharest's population, which had assembled in University Square and confronted the police and army at barricades. Romanian Dictator Nicolae and Elena ceausescu executed.\r\rNicolae and Elena Ceausescu before execution (December, 1989)\r\rBy the morning of 22 December, the rebellion had already spread to all major cities across the country. Video marketing. 1990 58 m IMDb RATING 9.2 /10 29 YOUR RATING Rate Documentary Drama The story of the events that led up to the revolt against, overthrow and eventual execution of murderous longtime Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceaucescu. He organised the 1986 military referendum and managed to change the constitution, adding a clause that barred Romania from taking foreign loans in the future. He was empowered to carry out those functions of the State Council that did not require plenums. Iran's Leader Future -Nicolae Elena Ceausescu Execution. This can be explained by the largely crude and syncretic character of the dogma. Ceauescu attempted to include his views in mainstream Marxist theory, to which he added his belief in a "multilaterally developed Socialist society" as a necessary stage between the Leninist concepts of Socialist and Communist societies (a critical view reveals that the main reason for the interval is the disappearance of the State and Party structures in Communism). The commanders wrote off Ceauescu as a lost cause and made no effort to keep their men loyal to the government. Starting with the 197374 Arab oil embargo against the West, a period of prolonged high oil prices set in that characterised the rest of the 1970s. According to the information recorded in his autobiography, Nicolae Ceauescu was born on January 26, 1918. [citation needed] By the mid-1930s, he had been in missions in Bucharest, Craiova, Cmpulung and Rmnicu Vlcea, being arrested several times.[10]. In 1967, he consolidated his power by becoming president of the State Council, making him de jure head of state. All of Ceauescu's economic, foreign and demographic policies were meant to achieve his ultimate goal: turning Romania into one of the world's great powers. [94][95] In 2014, the percentage of those who would vote for Ceauescu reached 46%. Romanian Dictator Nicolae and Elena Ceausescu Execution most - YouTube Ceauescu probably never emphasized that his policies constituted a paradigm for theorists of National Bolshevism such as Jean-Franois Thiriart, but there was a publicised connection between him and Iosif Constantin Drgan, an Iron Guardist Romanian-Italian migr millionaire (Drgan was already committed to a Dacianist and protochronist attitude that largely echoed the official cultural policy). Draconian restrictions were imposed on the household energy use to ensure an adequate supply for the industry. [citation needed] In 1971, the Party, which had already been completely purged of internal opposition (with the possible exception of Gheorghe Gaston Marin),[69] approved the July Theses, expressing Ceauescu's disdain of Western models as a whole, and the reevaluation of the recent liberalisation as bourgeois. November 1986: Verkleinerung des Heeres, Senkung der Rstungsausgaben um 5%, "Romanian-Moldavian SSR relations, by Patrick Moore and the Romanian Section", "Un Ceauescu pe care nu l tiai: cre, cu ochii "blonzi" i nasul borcnat". Ceauescu did not realise that the funding was not always favorable. The motion entirely ignored the Romani. 'I'm still nervous,' says soldier who shot Nicolae Ceausescu Those arrested were investigated then expelled from the Faculty; returned to the localities from whence they came and placed under strict supervision along with their families. In his memoir The Artful Albanian, Albanian leader Enver Hoxha remarked "As if Ceauescu and company are to bring down imperialism! The building of the Palace of the Parliament was the most extreme expression of the systematization program imposed by Nicolae Ceauescu upon Romania. [35], Romania's recordhaving all of its debts to commercial banks paid off in fullhas not been matched by any other heavily indebted country in the world. [14] In the years after the strike, a number of its leaders died of accidents and "premature disease". The Official Website of the British Monarchy: General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party, Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceauescu, policies that would lead to a significant growth of the population, Politburo of the Central Committee of the Romanian Workers Party, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath, Order of the Star of the Socialist Republic of Romania, Order of the Liberator General San Martn, Great Star of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria, Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, 2500th Anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire, Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 19411945", International Relations Institute of Rome, "Ceauescu, ntre legend i adevr: data naterii i alegerea numelui de botez", "Nicolae Ceauescu president of Romania", "Ceauescu looked in my eyes and he knew that he was going to die", "Unul dintre cele mai bine pzite secrete nainte de 1989: data real a naterii lui Nicolae Ceauescu. Also Romania was the only country in the world to maintain normal diplomatic relations with both Israel and the PLO. [14] Ceauescu ultimately negotiated a compromise solution to the strike. Rumors emerged that Securitate had doctors give the strike leaders 5-minute chest X-rays to ensure the development of cancer.[14]. The government targeted rising divorce rates, and made divorce more difficultit was decreed that marriages could only be dissolved in exceptional cases. This can be seen, perhaps most blatantly, with a motion from the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Romanian Workers Party, which largely laid the foundation for the Ceauescu regime's policies regarding the rights of ethnic minorities. Dezember 1989 in Trgovite) war ein rumnischer Politiker.Als Generalsekretr der Rumnischen Kommunistischen Partei, Staatsprsident und Vorsitzender des Staatsrates war er von 1965 bis 1989 der neostalinistische Diktator der Sozialistischen Republik Rumnien People from all over the world come to visit the Ceausescu spot where the battle against the Romanian dictator ended. He initially lived with his sister, Niculina Rusescu. For other people, see, President of the Socialist Republic of Romania, Oil embargo, strike and foreign relations, Yearly evolution (in billions of dollars), Foreign state orders, decorations and medals, (All Soviet decorations and medals were revoked in 1990). Getty Images offers exclusive rights-ready and premium royalty-free analog, HD, and 4K video of the highest quality. or "Down with the tyrant!". In 1978 he became a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) in the UK,[84][circular reference] a title of which he was stripped in 1989. After the death of his parents, Nicu Ceauescu ordered the construction of an Orthodox church, the walls of which are decorated with portraits of his parents. According to official results, the referendum yielded a nearly unanimous "yes" vote. The manner in which the trial was conducted has been criticised. Nicolae Ceausescu Death Videos and HD Footage - Getty Images Ceausescu Execution Video Faked, Experts Say | AP News [21], Ceauescu refused to implement measures of economic liberalism. My history teacher promised a perfect score to anyone who finds it. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. Autobiografia lui Nicolae Ceausescu. Nicolae Ceausescu Death Videos and HD Footage - Getty Images However, Ion Iliescu, Romania's provisional president, said in 2009 that the trial was "quite shameful, but necessary" in order to end the state of near-anarchy that had gripped the country in the three days since the Ceauescus fled Bucharest. [62] According to the Jurnalul Naional,[63] requests were made by the Ceauescus' daughter, Zoia, and by supporters of their political views, to move their remains to mausoleums or to purpose-built churches. Although he had previously been a careful supporter of the official lines, Ceauescu came to embody Romanian society's wish for independence after what many considered years of Soviet directives and purges, during and after the SovRom fiasco. With the partial exception of Poland, where the Polish October crisis of 1956 brought to power the previously imprisoned "home communist" Wadysaw Gomuka, Romania was the only Eastern European nation where the "home communists" triumphed over the "Muscovites". According to Alexandru Budistenu, former chief architect of Bucharest, "The sight of a church bothered Ceauescu. On 18 December 1989, Ceauescu departed for a state visit to Iran, leaving the duty of crushing the Timioara revolt to his subordinates and his wife. In an attempt to correct this, Ceauescu decided to repay Romania's foreign debts. After a visit from Charles de Gaulle earlier in the same year, during which the French President gave recognition to the incipient maverick, Ceauescu's public speech in August deeply impressed the population, not only through its themes, but also because, uniquely, it was unscripted. and "We want bread without a card!". Nicolae Ceauescu had a major influence on modern-day Romanian populist rhetoric. Death of a Dictator - Nicolae Ceausescu - 1990 on Vimeo Has anyone got the real video of Nicolae Ceausescu's death? The soldiers agreed to this and began to tie their hands behind their backs, which the Ceauescus protested against, but were powerless to prevent. Autobiografia lui Nicolae Ceauescu (2010) - CineMagia.ro [62] The body believed to be Elena's had decayed too much to allow for a positive identification, but Nicolae was easily identifiable, wearing the bullet-riddled black winter coat he had been wearing during the execution. Valenzuela, J. Samuel and Arturo Valenzuela (eds.). Trial and Execution: The Dramatic Deaths of Nicolae and Elena Ceausescu Twenty years ago on Christmas Day, the Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife Elena were executed after a summary trial. The lingering amount, totalling less than 1 million, consisted of short-term credits (mainly short-term export credits granted by Romania). All titles and decorations were revoked by the provisional government on 26 December 1989. Home; Movie Posters; Tv Posters; Stars; Trailers; Free Photos; Lists; Search forums + Register Login. [13] He was elected general secretary on 22 March 1965, three days after Gheorghiu-Dej's death. The second, Autobiografia lui Nicolae Ceauescu (2011), was created by a Romanian writer/director named Andrei Ujica, and an English language version of the film was released simultaneously, titled The Autobiography of Nicolae Ceauescu.[108]. Nicolae Ceausescu Execution: A Most Hair Raising Trial Of A Dictator The new post, however, made him the nation's top decision-maker both in name and in fact. [38], A tentative coup d'tat planned in October 1984 failed when the military unit assigned to carry out the plan was sent to harvest maize instead. The evolution of his regime followed the path begun by Gheorghiu-Dej. This is our little Romanian corner of Reddit! Watch the exact moment when a brutal dictator realizes the - DeadState No because he s alive and currently living in Cuba with 2pac, Man the house parties they must have with Michael Jackson and Adolf Hitler. After being tried and convicted of economic sabotage and genocide,[5] both were sentenced to death, and they were immediately executed by firing squad on 25 December.[6]. Watch The Autobiography of Nicolae Ceausescu | Netflix What do you mean by fake footage? Acest premiu i-a revenit directorului de imagine Barbu Bloiu. By March 1989, virtually all of the external debt had been repaid. Nicolae Ceauescu (/tasku/ chow-SHESK-oo, Romanian:[nikola.e tea.uesku] (listen); 5 February[O.S. ", "Down with communism! This was still the case even after representation increased for other minorities such as Hungarians and Germans. Text of Speech in Revolution Square, 21 December 1989. Pinstripes and Reds: An American Ambassador Caught Between the State Department & the Romanian Communists, 19811985 Washington, D.C.: Selous Foundation Press, 1987. (eds) Mental Maps in the Era of Dtente and the End of the Cold War 196891. Two documentaries have been made about Ceauescu in the 21st century. EXECUTED ON CHRISTMAS DAY - Nicolae and Elena Ceauescu Romania, a country famous for its beautiful landscapes, rich history and awesome people. With the death of Gheorghiu-Dej in March 1965, Ceauescu succeeded to the leadership of Romania's Communist Party as first secretary (general secretary from July 1965); and with his assumption of the presidency of the State Council (December 1967), he became head of state as well. The Olt County Service of National Archives holds excerpts from the catalogs of Scorniceti Primary School, which certifies that Nicolae A. Ceauescu passed the first grade with an average of 8.26 and the second grade with an average of 8.18, ranking third, in a class in which 25 students were enrolled. Queen Elizabeth II also returned the insignia of the Order of the Star of the Socialist Republic of Romania that Ceauescu had bestowed upon her in 1978.[100]. What follows, then, could be construed as a lengthy flashback. One of his first acts was to change the name of the party from the Romanian Workers' Party back to the Communist Party of Romania and to declare the country a socialist republic, rather than a people's republic. PDF Ceausescu's trial and execution - Metabasis.it Instead, they say the couple was apparently killed hours earlier with gunshots to the head. The three were arrested immediately. The Autobiography of Nicolae Ceausescu (2010) - IMDb Obituaries: Eugeniu Iordachescu, Romanian engineer who saved condemned churches under communist rule, dies at 89. Elena Ceausescu, Self: Romania: Death of a Dictator. Ceauescu was made a knight of the Danish Order of the Elephant, but this appointment was revoked on 23 December 1989 by the queen of Denmark, Margrethe II. The contradictions between domestic and foreign policies in the Cold War Romania (19561975), Ferrero, M.D, 2006, Historia Actual Online. Nicolae Ceauescu - Wikipedia North Korean books on Juche were translated into Romanian and widely distributed inside the country.[26]. Nicolae Ceausescu (1918 - 25 December 1989) was a Romanian communist politician and dictator. Romania as a major oil equipment producer greatly benefited from the high oil prices of the 1970s, which led Ceauescu to embark on an ambitious plan to invest heavily in oil-refining plants. One of the most chilling and transitional moments in history was captured on film back on December 21, 1989. [11] At Trgu Jiu, Gheorghiu-Dej ran "self-criticism sessions" where various Party members had to confess before the other Party members to misunderstanding the teachings of Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Stalin as interpreted by Gheorghiu-Dej; journalist Edward Behr claimed that Ceauescu's role in these "self-criticism sessions" was that of the enforcer, the young man allegedly beating those Party members who refused to go with or were insufficiently enthusiastic about the "self-criticism" sessions. E doar o chestiune de nivel estetic, dac el se cheam Baudelaire sau Bolintineanu, Ludovic al XVI-lea sau Nicolae Ceauescu", spune Andrei Ujic, regizorul filmului. The movie then jumps to 1965, for the funeral of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, whose death made possible Ceauescu's rise to power.