Most illnesses adversely affect the acuteness of vision, hearing, and feeling, all of which are essential to correct performance, Airsickness can be a great deterrent to flight instruction. For example, including relaxation time in a busy schedule and maintaining a program of physical fitness can help reduce stress levels. After an intensive look at ADM, it closes with a discussion of CFI recommendations and endorsements, A CFI must be thoroughly familiar with the functions, characteristics, and proper use of all flight instruments, avionics, and other aircraft systems being used for training. Things like setting the flaps prior to takeoff, or extending the landing gear
Officer. Due to the importance of this subject, the following discussion provides guidance on the recommended procedure to use for the positive exchange of flight controls between pilots when operating an aircraft, Incident/accident statistics indicate a need to place additional emphasis on the exchange of control of an aircraft by pilots. This is especially true during a students first attempt at a particular maneuver. excellent, Mike. that flight attendant calls or entry during this time be undertaken only for
The chapter begins with practical strategies flight instructors can use to enhance their instruction, the demonstration-performance training delivery method of flight instruction, integrated flight instruction, positive exchange of flight controls, use of distractions, obstacles to learning encountered during flight training, and how to evaluate The steps leading to this conclusion constitute the decision-making process. Human Error in Aviation and Legal Process, Stabilised Approach Awareness Toolkit for ATC, Flight Deck Procedures (A Guide for Controllers), International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), "Accident and Incident Reports Show Importance of Sterile Cockpit Compliance". In addition, it should be demonstrated in the same sequence in which it was explained so as to avoid confusion and provide reinforcement. The FAA holds him or her accountable. a very fine elucidation. This is especially important for flight instruction. As she proceeds to the airport, she continues to monitor groundspeed, aircraft performance, and weather conditions to ensure no additional steps need to be taken to guarantee the safety of the flight, It is important to stress to a student that being familiar with the decision-making process does not ensure he or she has the good judgment to be a safe pilot. When an instructor is teaching a maneuver to a student, the instructor normally demonstrates the maneuver first, then has the student follow along on the controls during a demonstration and, finally, the student performs the maneuver with the instructor following along on the controls. Hazardous attitudes need to be noticed immediately and corrected with the proper antidote to minimize the potential for any flight hazard, Learning how to recognize and cope with stress is another effective ADM tool. The CFI bases this assessment on the students ability to demonstrate consistent proficiency on a number of flight maneuvers. "I believe this situation occurred
As discussed in chapters 4 and 5, SBT uses a highly structured script of real-world experiences to address aviation training objectives in an operational environment. Emergencies require the pilot to thinkassess the situation, choose and execute the actions that assure safety, not act in a rote manner, It is important for flight instructors to teach students that declaring an emergency when one occurs is an appropriate reaction. For those who develop company procedures, consideration
Some reports contained
Traditionally, pilots have been well trained to react to emergencies, but are not as well prepared to make decisions, which require a more reflective response. The real danger was inadvertent stalls induced by distractions during routine flight situations, Pilots at all skill levels should be aware of the increased risk of entering into an inadvertent stall or spin while performing tasks that are secondary to controlling the aircraft. Simultaneously begin releasing the back pressure so aileron, rudder, and elevator pressures are neutralized when the aircraft reaches the wings-level position, Leading the roll-out heading by one-half the bank angle is a good rule of thumb for initial training. crew briefing, emphasize the importance of the sterile cockpit rule and request
It is not mandatory, but recommended for all endorsements to be worded exactly as those in the AC. be most effective, crews need to talk -- even if it is just merely "get
As the flight progresses, the pilot must continue to evaluate the outcome of the decision to ensure that it is producing the desired result, To implement her decision, Brenda plots the course changes and calculates a new estimated time of arrival. before landing. Scenario-based training (SBT), a type of PBL, uses a highly structured script of real world experiences to address aviation training objectives in an operational environment. The most effective training is the simulation of scenarios that can lead to inadvertent stalls by creating distractions while the student is practicing certain maneuvers. Instruction must be keyed to the utilization of the interests and enthusiasm students bring with them, and to diverting their attention from their worries and troubles to learning the tasks at hand. It's unrealistic to expect a crew
In assessing the ability of a student, the instructor initially determines if he or she understands the procedure or maneuver. Several ATC radio calls were missed. When the skill being taught is related to previously learned procedures or maneuvers, the known to unknown strategy may be used effectively. Fixating on a problem that does not exist can divert the pilots attention from important tasks. This is why once an initial assumption is made regarding the problem, other sources must be used to verify that the pilots conclusion is correct, While on a cross-country flight, Brenda discovers her time en route between two checkpoints is significantly longer than the time she originally calculated. If fuel quantity is lower than expected on a cross-country flight, the priority can shift from making a scheduled arrival time at the destination, to locating a nearby airport to refuel. captain should also inform the flight attendants how they can determine if the
Applying aviation's sterile cockpit rule may be a useful addition to our clinical practice. Other examples of SBT can have the instructor adding undesired landing sites for balloon student pilots, rope breaks for glider students, and radio outages for instrument airplane students. These data demonstrate increased distraction during emergence compared with other phases of anaesthesia. procedures for this, such as a "10,000 foot PA announcement," or a
Two benefits accrue from this step: the student, being freed from the need to concentrate on performance of the maneuver and from concern about its outcome, is able to organize his or her thoughts regarding the steps involved and the techniques to be used. was extraneous conversation between cockpit crew members. reasons of great urgency. A pilot in command (PIC) must know when to tell any passengers, even a DPE, when the PIC finds actions in the aircraft that distract and interfere with the safe conduct of the flight, Integrated flight instruction is flight instruction during which students are taught to perform flight maneuvers both by outside visual references and by reference to flight instruments. From a broader perspective, the phrase "human factors related" more aptly describes these accidents since it is usually not a single decision that leads to an accident, but a chain of events triggered by a number of factors, The poor judgment chain, or the error chain, describes this concept of contributing factors in a human factors related accident. As a pilot gains experience, he or she will develop a consistent roll-in and roll-out technique for various types of turns. The amount of training any student can absorb without incurring debilitating fatigue varies. They are much less apt to become airsick while operating the controls themselves. was sitting on the jump seat. The instructor observes as the student performs, and then makes appropriate comments, In this phase, the instructor traditionally evaluates student performance, records the students performance, and verbally advises the student of the progress made toward the objectives. The actions to be taken in each of these circumstances would be significantly different. As an example, a level turn might be demonstrated and described by the instructor in the following way: Use outside visual references and monitor the flight instruments, After clearing the airspace around the aircraft, add power slightly, turn the aircraft in the desired direction, and apply a slight amount of back pressure on the yoke to maintain altitude. The Practical Test Standard (PTS) is not a teaching tool. This is true no matter how diligently they attempt to apply themselves to the learning task, A minor illness, such as a cold, major illness, or injury, interferes with the normal rate of learning. (a) No certificate holder shall
This sterility of the cockpit environment is designed to enable . This may be done as each procedure or maneuver is completed or summarized during postflight critiques. [Figure 8-6], Flight instructors should always guard the controls and be prepared to take control of the aircraft. This was our second highest source of deviation
to notify maintenance about a minor cabin discrepancy. This is especially important due to the wide variety in global positioning systems (GPS) and glass panel displays, It is the personal responsibility of each flight instructor to maintain familiarity with current pilot training techniques and certification requirements. The following is an example of the type of scenario that can be presented to illustrate the poor judgment chain, A private pilot with 100 hours of flight time made a precautionary landing on a narrow dirt runway at a private airport. However, at a minimum, the instructor needs to cite the appropriate 14 CFR part 61 section that has been completed, FAA inspectors and DPEs rely on flight instructor recommendations as evidence of qualification for certification, and proof that a review has been given of the subject areas found to be deficient on the appropriate knowledge test. During the postflight evaluation, collaborative assessment is used to evaluate whether certain learning criteria were met during the SBT, Collaborative assessment includes learner self-assessment and a detailed assessment by the aviation instructor. In either case, unless adequate precautions are taken, personal performance could be impaired and adversely affect pilot judgment and decision-making, Dehydration is the term given to a critical loss of water from the body. This briefing includes the instrument indications to be expected, as well as the outside references to be used to control the attitude of the aircraft, Each new flight maneuver is introduced using both outside and instrument references with students developing the ability to maneuver an aircraft equally as well by instrument or outside references. In teaching a skill, the instructor must convey to the students the precise actions they are to perform. Doing several things at once, though, may mean that something important falls through the cracks. Over the years there have been dozens of air carrier accidents that occurred
Penal Code 9.41 and 9.42 are also worth looking at because they describe when force and deadly force can be used to protect property. clearances and altitude deviations) increases when a crew member is out of the
The instructor should be satisfied that the student is well prepared and understands the task before starting. reasons for non-adherence to the sterile cockpit rule: The most habitually cited offense
instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by. On the other hand, how does that jibe with the rule? thousands of ASRS reports, the potential for problems (such as misunderstood
Background: While some studies have described the importance of reducing interruptions as a tactic to reduce medication errors, work is needed to assess the impact on . For this type of instruction to be fully effective, the use of instrument references should begin the first time each new maneuver is introduced. Dehydration reduces a pilots level of alertness, producing a subsequent slowing of decision-making processes or even the inability to control the aircraft. Preoccupation inside or outside the flight deck while changing aircraft configuration or trim, maneuvering to avoid other traffic, or clearing hazardous obstacles during takeoff and climb could create a potential stall/spin situation. This may be done by frequent review of new periodicals and technical publications, personal contacts with FAA inspectors and designated pilot examiners (DPE), and by participation in pilot and flight instructor clinics. require, nor may any flight crew member perform any duties during a critical
hotwire flight credit; umc graveside service; how to install undermount soft close drawer slides This is admittedly difficult, but must be accomplished if learning is to proceed at a normal rate, Worries and emotional upsets that result from a flight training course can be identified and addressed. [Figure 8-7], An understanding of the decision-making process provides students with a foundation for developing ADM skills. During the preflight briefing the
engaging in non-essential conversations within the cockpit and non-essential
carolina health specialists phone number. one crew member to be "out of the loop." The best way to illustrate this concept to students is to discuss specific situations that lead to aircraft accidents or incidents. After reaching his destination, the pilot did not request refueling. phase of flight except those duties required for the safe operation of
Activities such as eating meals,
The safety record of pilots who hold instrument ratings is significantly better than that of pilots with comparable flight time who have never received formal flight training for an instrument rating. from the sterile cockpit rule. Plus, the instructor is able to evaluate the students understanding of the factors involved in performance of the maneuver, According to the principle of primacy, it is important for the instructor to make sure the student gets it right the first time. This is usually defined as the taxi, take-off and approach and landing phases, and when operating under 10,000 feet (although each . The flight instructor is the only person in a position to make the determination a student is ready for solo operations. The possible consequences, both to themselves and to others, of experiments with flight operations in weather conditions below visual flight rules (VFR) minimums before they are instrument rated should be constantly impressed on the students. No person about to undergo major
In the USA, theFederal Aviation Administration (FAA)introduced a formal requirement to be applied to all commercial flights in 1981, after reviewing a series of accidents that were caused by flight crews who were distracted from their flying duties, by engaging in non-essential conversations and activities, during critical parts of the flight. A look at two of these
The pilot lost directional control during landing and swerved off the runway into the grass. by the conversation. Breaking one link in the chain is all that is usually necessary to change the outcome of the sequence of events. While the regulation grew out of accidents in the airline industry, it holds true for the entire aviation community. By discussing the events that led to this incident, instructors can help students understand how a series of judgmental errors contributed to the final outcome of this flight: Weather decisionon the morning of the flight, the pilot was running late and, having acquired a computer printout of the forecast the night before, he did not obtain a briefing from flight service before his departure, Flight planning decision/performance chartthe pilot calculated total fuel requirements for the trip based on a rule-of-thumb figure he had used previously for another airplane. It is recommended that the Captain, during the pre-departure
Additional information on recommendations and endorsements can be found in Appendix E, Flight Instructor Endorsements, Remember that students learning is sometimes subject to their environment, Be sure to provide challenges such as crosswinds in training before they see it on their checkride, or potentially worse, as a brand new pilot with passengers. full of sight-seeing crew members is an ASRS report looking for a place to happen
Keep all radio communications to a minimum. A series of aircraft accidents caused by flight crews who were distracted from their flight duties during critical phases of the flight caused the FAA to propose the rule. Objective: There is general enthusiasm for applying strategies from aviation directly to medical care; the application of the "sterile cockpit" rule to surgery has accordingly been suggested. The first effect of high workload is that the pilot begins to work faster. Aim: To implement the sterile cockpit principle to decrease interruptions and distractions during high volume medication administration and reduce the number of medication errors. If, due to some unanticipated circumstances, the demonstration does not closely conform to the explanation, this deviation should be immediately acknowledged and explained, Most physical skills lend themselves to a sequential pattern where the skill is explained in the same step-by-step order normally used to perform it. The second activity is the instructors supervision, Student performance requires students to act and do. when the crew diverted attention from the task at hand and became occupied with
Passengers are told to shut up and any conversation or activity not related to the takeoff or landing is not permitted while the aircraft is taking off, landing or involved in any "critical phase" of flight. while the aircraft is involved in taxi, takeoff, landing, and all other flight
For example, in the event of an engine fire, the pilot initiates an emergency descent. During all phases of flight training, CFIs should remember they are role models for the student. The purpose of the self-assessment is to stimulate growth in the learners thought processes and, in turn, behaviors. As one reporter resolves: Another reporter offered a good suggestion
Traditional assessment depends on a grading scale of "excellent, good, fair, poor" or "exceeds standards, meets standards, needs more training" which often meets the instructors needs but not the needs of the student, With the advent of SBT, collaborative assessment is used whenever the student has completed a scenario. It states that: "No flight crew member may perform any duties during a critical phase of flight not required for . Recommendations also provide assurance that the applicant has had a thorough briefing on the PTS and the associated knowledge areas, maneuvers, and procedures. Even an inexperienced student realizes immediately when the instructor has failed to prepare a lesson. However, a pilot can learn to recognize those factors that can be managed, and learn skills to improve decision-making ability and judgment, While the ADM process does not eliminate errors, it helps the pilot recognize errors, and in turn enables the pilot to manage the error to minimize its effects. With every complex human endeavor, it is necessary to master the basics if the whole task is to be performed competently and safely. Note: Taxi is defined as movement of an airplane under its own power on the surface of an airport.. Sterile Cockpit. Copyright 2023 CFI Notebook, All rights reserved. Maintain coordinated flight by applying rudder in the direction of the turn, Remember, the ailerons control the roll rate, as well as the angle of bank. The expected outcome of each possible action should be considered and the risks assessed before the pilot decides on a response to the situation, Brenda determines the fuel burn if she continues to her destination and considers other options: turning around and landing at a nearby airport, diverting off course, or landing prior to her destination at an airport en route. were made below 10,000 feet. To determine if there is a change in the winds aloft forecast and to check recent pilot reports, she contacts Flight Watch. If students believe the instructor assumes all responsibility for scanning and collision avoidance procedures, they do not develop the habit of maintaining a constant vigilance, which is essential to safety. Is there some stress in another aspect of the students life that may be causing a distraction? Resources must not only be identified, but students must also develop the skills to evaluate whether they have the time to use a particular resource and the impact that its use would have upon the safety of flight. After weighing each information source, she concludes that the headwind has increased. While researching the subject at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) website, he locates several sources that provide background information, such as the fact that, statistically, weather often poses some of the greatest risks to general aviation (GA) pilots, regardless of their experience level. This reviewer used the ASRS database
It also provides methods flight instructors can teach students to use practical risk management tools and discusses how to evaluate student decision-making. However, the telling-and-doing technique includes specific variations for flight instruction. cockpit and cabin crew members the captain can politely say, "I think the
A witness recalled later that the aircraft appeared to be too high and fast on final approach, and speculated the pilot was having difficulty controlling the aircraft in high winds. He did not consider how fatigue and lack of extensive night flying experience could affect the flight, Fuel exhaustionwith the aircraft fuel supply almost exhausted, the pilot no longer had the option of diverting to avoid rapidly developing thunderstorms. The instructor realized too late that the gear was still up. Although not all assessments lend themselves to reteaching, the instructor should be alert to the possibility and take advantage of the opportunity when it arises. Some POHs call for mixture to be enriched during an emergency descent, but what if the powerplant is engulfed in flames? The review shows that there are several practical concepts including Crew Resource Management, checklists and readbacks, sterile cockpit, and human factors of fatigue and stress that healthcare . by analysts as having some relevance to the sterile cockpit rule. With the advent of electronic checklists, it has become easier to develop and maintain personal checklists from the manufacturers checklist with additions for specific aircraft and operations, In addition, the AFM/POH, which is required to be carried onboard the aircraft, is essential for accurate flight planning and for resolving inflight equipment malfunctions.